January 10th, 2010
Part 1: The Origin
The idea of building a subway in Mexico City began in the 1950s, a time in which the capital city of Mexico had about 4 million inhabitants (today it approaches 21 million). Old tramways criss-crossed the city, traffic jams began to boost, and the bus system wasn’t enough to fulfill all the commuter demands. It was time for a modern mass transit solution. It was until 1967 when the city government approved the construction of the first line. Officially, on June 17, 1967, the construction of the “Metro” began… The approval of its construction could be easily guessed: Mexico City would host the 1968 Olympic Games. However, the government focused in offering a mass transit option for people living in the eastern and western sections of the megacity. The first phase covered three lines: one having an east-west direction, another linking north and south, and a third one departing from the northwest heading to downtown, and then turning south, so it could cross the other two lines. This is what is called a “ring solution” in which 3 lines cross at three different points (rather than the “cross solution” in which two lines cross in one point).
After two years, the first subway line was opened on September 4, 1969. This first section runs from Zaragoza in the east, to Chapultepec in the west. At this beginning, the system had only 16 stations and it was only 11.5 km long. People were really fascinated with this new form of transportation; even a well-known TV news presenter was marveled by the new “Metro”: fast, clean and safe. In September 1970, Line 2 was opened from Tacuba in the northwest, to Tasqueña in the south, where the Xochimilco-Tlalpan light rail line ran to the southeastern parts of the city (later the Xochimilco light rail line would be entirely reformed, so it offered new stations and modern trains). Line 2 opened with 22 stations, and 18 km of track. In November 1970, the central section of Line 3, from Tlatelolco to Hospital General was opened, adding 7 stations and 5.5 km. to the network. At the same time, the extension of line 1 to Tacubaya was opened. Line 1 reached its western terminus Observatorio in 1972. So, at the end of this first stage, by 1975 Mexico City’s subway had 40 km of track and 48 stations. It is important to notice that while digging into the soil of the ancient Aztec capital, many important discoveries were made. The most important was a little circular pyramid dedicated to the Aztec God of wind, Ehécatl. Instead of moving it out and placing it in a museum, it was a good idea to leave it in the place it was found. So, around this pyramid, the Pino Suárez station (lines 1 and 2) was built. As a tribute, the pyramid was chosen as the station’s symbol.
For an ever-changing capital city like Mexico City, it was evident that 42 km of subway weren’t enough for an 11 million megalopolis. But after the first phase of the subway system was completed, there were not sufficient funds for builiding new routes, or adapting the trains for the system’s growing demands. At that time, the first subway accident occured: in 1975, two trains crashed at Viaducto station. The official reason: human failure; however, security systems weren’t well developed at that time. Further action was taken throughout the years; because of such actions, the Mexico City subway hasn’t had another train crash, making it one of the safest systems in the world.
In 1977, the Metro Master Plan (“Plan Maestro del Metro”), was presented. It projected a 15-line, 315 km system that could be finished by the year 2015. Many of the actual subway routes follow that original plan, however, some routes had to change their alignment, due to the geological conditions of the city (remember that Mexico City was built over a lake, and the aztec empire once stood on this site).
After sufficient funding was available (thanks to the late 1970’s oil boom), it was decided to extend line 3, north and south. In 4 stages, from 1978 to 1980, it was extended north to La Raza, and then to Indios Verdes, its definite northern terminus; to the south, from Centro Médico and then to Zapata. In 1983, line 3 reaches its definite terminus at Universidad.
But three lines weren’t enough for the city. Thus, at the beginning of 1980, construction began on line 4 and line 5. Line 4 was planned as a north-south route, running on a viaduct, serving the eastern part of the city. Line 5 should link the eastern suburbs of Mexico city, via the airport and the new northeast section of the Circuito Interior (inner ring road), to the Politechnic School in the northwest. In August 1981, the first section of line 4, from Martín Carrera to Candelaria was opened; the second section (Candelaria – Santa Anita) opened a year later. As of line 5, the first section (Pantitlán – Consulado) opened in December 1981; the extension to La Raza in July 1982, and two months later the section to Politécnico.
Another interesting discovery was made while building line 4. While digging the soil for building the foundations of Talismán station, the remains of a mammoth (dated 10,000 B.C.) were found. Today, these remains are shown permanently in Talismán station, and the mammoth was chosen as the station symbol.
The subway wasn’t stopping its permanent expansion: the first section of line 6 (an east-west route linking the northern parts of the city) was inaugurated in December 1983, and line 7 would open in 3 stages (from Tacuba to Barranca del Muerto) during 1984 and 1985. Line 7 is the deepest line of Mexico City’s subway: some stations stand at 35 m below street level (not so deep compared to some European systems). Finally, two more sections were opened in this expansion stage: an extension on line 1 between Zaragoza and Pantitlán (so this would be linked to line 5), and a two station extension of line 2, reaching its definite terminus Cuatro Caminos. Cuatro Caminos was the first station built outside the Distrito Federal (Mexico City’s “official” limit), trying to be a transportation gateway to the northern suburbs.
At the end of 1985, the subway had 105 stations, distribuited on a 110 km. long network… not bad for a 10-year period!
In the next three years, more sections within the city limits were opened: the second section of line 6 (Instituto del Petróleo – Martín Carrera) in 1986; line 9 (a parallel route to avoid saturation of line 1) in 1987, and the north section of line 7 (Tacuba – El Rosario) in November 1988… but what about line 8? Yes, in 1989 there were 8 lines, numbered 1 to 7 and line 9. What happened to line 8?
Line 8 history is a case in which the original alignment had to be changed because of geological reasons. Originally it was planned to run from Indios Verdes station, via the city center (the “Zócalo”), and then heading east to Ejército Constitucionalista in the eastern limits. If such route were built, several buildings, dating from the 17th century would had been affected (even historical buildings like the Cathedral, and the Templo Mayor aztec ruins). On the other hand, the southeastern parts of the city, as well as the eastern suburbs wouldn’t benefit from a subway service…
The Master Plan had a serious problem: no route was projected to run beyond the Distrito Federal limits; therefore, the terminals would lay at the state limit, and other means of transportation should be used in the suburbs. For a city having 20 million inhabitants, 40 miles long and 25 miles wide, having a subway within some limits wasn’t admissible. Thus, the Plan was modified to include extended routes into the suburbs. The first of these routes was planned as a suburban line to the eastern suburbs, but it was decided to operate as a “light subway” line, running on steel wheels instead of rubber tyres. Line A, from Pantitlán to La Paz, was born.
Line A was inaugurated in August 1991. Distance between stations is the main distinctive feature of this line: an average distance of 1700m, compared to the 1100m of the “urban” lines. However, it proved to be a good transportation solution, considering that pollution in the area, as well as traffic jams had been getting worse.
Simultaneously, the alignment of line 8 was revised, and a new route was proposed. A first stage would run through the city center, but away from the historic area; then it would head east, then south through Iztacalco ward, and finally east to Iztapalapa ward. The solution was approved, and construction began in 1991. In August 1994, the longest subway section ever built (19 stations in 20 km) was opened, linking the southeastern neighborhoods to the city center.
Another densly-inhabited area lies in the northeastern part of the metropolitan area: the city of Ecatepec. So, after line 8 was completed, line B (originally line 10) went into construction stage. Because of financial problems, the first section was finished five years later, in December 1999, from Buenavista (Mexico City’s train station) to Villa de Aragón. Eventually the second section to Ciudad Azteca would be finished on 30 November 2000.
Last spring the revision of the Master Plan was presented. It presents the future Metro network layout for the year 2020, which includes extensions to some of the lines, as well as new routes. One interesting feature is that 9 light rail lines, with a private right-of- way have been considered, to link the suburbs to the main subway lines. In 20 years, there will be 17 metro lines (13 urban and 4 suburban), and 10 light-rail lines. It is important to say that the potential of commuter rail hasn’t been considered, so there is an opportunity to link towns in a 100 km radius to the capital, creating a multimodal transportation hub.
Of course there are short term plans: in the next three years, there are plans to build 22 km of new routes.
- Line 7 will be extended to the south, from Barranca del Muerto to San Jerónimo (4 stations).
- Line 8 will be extended to the north and to the south. To the north, it should reach Indios Verdes station on line 3, linking with line 5 at Misterios, and line 6 at La Villa Basílica (6 stations). To the south, an extension will be built from Escuadrón 201 to Acoxpa (8 stations).
- And what happens to the section from Atlalilco to Constitución de 1917 ofpresent line 8? It will be part of the planned line 12, a new east-west line linking the southern parts of the city. This line will head to Mixcoac (change for line 7), crossing line 2 at Ermita and line 3 at Zapata. A new station will be built at the crossing of lines 8 and 12, and part of the section between Escuadrón 201 and Atlalilco will become a linking spur between the lines.
It is expected that these extensions will increase the subway ridership by 1,000,000 persons per day. This way, the Mexico City subway tries to fulfill the demanding transportation needs of 22 million inhabitants, and become a reliable, safe and clean backbone of the biggest city of the world.
Source: Urban rail.net
Categories: Mexico |
Tags: D.F., metro, Mexico City metro, Travel in mexico city | No Comments
April 24th, 2009
Diego Rivera, a 20th century Mexican painter, created a mural in the 1940s for the Hotel Prado in Mexico City located in the front of the Alameda Park. In the painting, Diego Rivera described a dream including all of the historical figures of Mexico from the conquista to the revolution. He created a dream, but he also introduces a large debate in regards to the people of Mexico. Should the culture be native or imported (indigenous, Spanish, North American, or French)?
Sueno
Categories: Mexico |
Tags: Alameda Central, Diego Rivera, Mexico City, Sueno | 1 Comment
April 7th, 2009
Villa Milenaria is a private organization that preserves endangered sea turtles in an environment of development, urbanism, and tourism. The organization is ran by Fernando Manzano or “Papa Tortuga” and his family. For more than 33 years Fernando and his family have been working to preserve the magic of the sea turtles.
Fernando Manzano "Papa Tortuga"
Of the eight species of turtles in the world, seven reproduce on the beaches of Mexico. They include: the Golfina, Laud, Caguama, Prieta, Carey, Verde or Green Turtle, and Lora. All of these turtles are susceptible to extinction, but the Lora is the most endangered and the least abundant. The only place in the world that the Lora reproduce are on the Gulf Coast of Mexico primarily in the states of Tamaulipas and Veracruz.
Precisely in the last state on a large and pristine beach of Tecolutla one man has committed his life to the preservation of the environment and of the turtles. For more than 30 years Fernando Manzano has worked hard to save the sea turtles of the area especially the Lora and the Verde.
Each year Fernando Manzano is able to help free more than 20,000 turtles. Through time and experience, he has developed a process of incubating the eggs for 45 days and releasing the turtles after they are born. Turtles that are born deformed or weak are rehabilitated for a year in calcium and proteins and released the next year. The Lora are born from May to August, and the Verde are born from September to November.
Rehabilitating Lora
When the turtles are released, they travel the Gulf currents and return to the place where they were born to lay eggs. The Mayans believed the earth was a big turtle.
Categories: Mexico |
Tags: Carey, Fernando Manzano, Lora, Tecolutla, veracruz, Verde, Vida Milenaria | No Comments
March 20th, 2009
Dried Vanilla Bean
Gutierrez Zamora, Veracruz is the birthplace of Mexican Vanilla. It is said Cortez when he took his spoils back to Europe, Veracruz being his primary route, included gold, silver, chocolate, and vanilla.
Vanilla is a member of the orchid family. The plant flowers the months of March, April, and May, and it is carefully grown through December when it is harvested. During the months of January and February, the beans are tediously dried and turned making sure there are no mushrooms growing on the beans while they are drying.
Vanilla Flower
Green Vanilla Bean
Vanilla Plant
Categories: Mexico |
Tags: Gutierez Zamora, Mexico, Onza Vanilla, papantla, Trova, Trova Imports, vanilla, veracruz | No Comments
March 13th, 2009
Becal, Campeche
Today, and since the 1850s, the best Jipijapa hats are woven by Maya men and women in the town of Becal, Campeche. The houses of Becal are characterized by caves that have been dug about 15 feet deep into the limestone bedrock of the backyards. The Maya weavers practice their art in these caves because only here can the natural humidity of the tropical climate be spared from the heat of the tropical sun.
Cave in back yard
This atmosphere keeps the palm fronds pliable so that the weavers can painstakingly form them into hats, baskets, lamps, or anything else they choose. Hats are their most important product, and play a driving role in the economy of the village.
Home in Becal
There are five tiers that describe the quality of the Jipijapa hats of Becal. The first level hat is constructed by splitting the palm leaf to produce a long even strip. In order to make a level 2 hat, that original strip is cut in half. The resulting hat is characterized by smaller strips, a tighter weave, and a softer, lighter end-product. This continues through to the Level 5 hat. Each higher level brings an exponentially higher time-commitment for the weaver (Level 4 hats, for example, take at least four weeks to weave; Level 5 might take months) and, ultimately, a higher price for the product.
Panama Hat
Becal’s Jipijapa hats are incredibly popular and stylish; sold all over the world. They are also very practical in the way that they protect the wearer from the harmful effects of the sun while remaining surprisingly light and ventilated. One of the most impressive characteristics of these hats is their durability – Jipijapa hats can be bent, folded, twisted and crushed and will always return immediately to their original form.
Categories: Mexico |
Tags: Becal, Campeche, Jipi, Jipi Hats, Jipijapa, Mexcio, Panama Hats, Trova, Trova Imports, Yucatan | No Comments
March 6th, 2009
Hammock weaving in traditional dress
The hammock culture is very interesting in that it involves a large process from the products development to the end user. The manufacturing of Trova Hammocks does not include a large factory where people come to work everyday, but the hammocks are made in Mayan homes in the Yucatan. The hammocks are fairly traded in that the materials are delivered to the homes of the families, in certain communities, where on average the body of a hammock a day is made. Next, the hammocks are taken to another pueblo where the arms are put on the hammocks by other families. This is done for consistency and checks and balances. After the hammocksare complete, the families are paid a fair price to compensate for their time and patience to help them sustain their families and live more comfortably. Finally, the hammocks are delivered to Trova´s warehouse in Merida where they are inspected three times, repaired if needed, packaged, and delivered to the end user.
Blake with Mayan Family
The culture of the hammock does not only include the people that enjoy lying in their hammocks relaxing, reading their favorite books, and taking siestas, but it also includes over 500 families feeding their children, sending their children to school, and maintaining a comfortable and sustainable lifestyle in the beautiful and special towns of the Yucatan.
Hammock weaving in home
Blake with Poc Family
Categories: Mexico |
Tags: Chumayel, hammocks, Kinil, Mama, Mani, Mayan, mayan hammocks, Merida, Mexico, Teabo, Tikit, Trova, Trova Imports, Xaya | 1 Comment
March 3rd, 2009
Palacio MunicipalSan Cristobal is one of the most beautiful cities in Mexico. After being in Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala, Mexico seems like a first world country. It has been ten years since my first visit of San Cristobal. Since then, the city has developed enormously from the sleepy little town I remember; however, the city has done a great job of preserving its old buildings with the arrival of Sam´s Club and Dominoes Pizza. Some of my favorite buildings in the world include: Templo de Santo Domingo, Iglesia de Merced, Templo de San Francisco, and Iglesia de Santa Lucia.Templo de Santo Domingo
